Participles

[source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lFzJ09FyHs]

Subordinate and Independent Clauses

Consider this sentence:

If I find my pen, I will write your name. - अगर मुझे अपना pen मिला, तो मैं तुम्हारा नाम लिखूँगा।

Here, the phrase "If I find my pen" is the subordinate clause, and "I will write your name" is the independent clause. The independent clause is valid by itself, but the subordinate clause is not; it needs to be followed by an independent clause.

More examples (subordinate clause is emphasized):

1. The girl who smiled at you is walking towards you. - जो लड़की तुम्हें देख कर मुस्कुरा रही थी, वह तुम्हारी ओर आ रही है।
2. After entering the house, I switched on the TV. - घर में घुसके मैंने TV चलाया।

Kannada implements subordinate and independent clauses using participles. Participles are forms of verbs. We have seen in 04-verbs.html how to get a verb's participles from its root.

These are the types (and subtypes) of participles we will see:

1. Relative participles: present/future, past.
2. Verbal participles: present, past.

Relative Participles

Used to adjectivfy a verb. They are used before nouns.

Examples of present relative participle:

1. The horse which is running - जो घोड़ा भाग रहा है - ಓಡುವ ಕುದುರೆ
2. The work which is being done - जो काम हो रहा है - ಮಾಡುವ ಕೆಲಸ
3. The city that we are going to tomorrow, how far is it? - कल जिस शहर जा रहे हैं वो कितना दूर है? - ನಾಳೆ ಹೋಗುವ ನಗರ ಎಷ್ಟು ದೂರ?
4. What you're telling me is hot news. - जो तुम मुझे बता रहे हो वो बहुत गरम खबर है। - ನೀನು ಹೇಳುವ ವಿಷಯ ಬಿಸಿ ಸಂದೇಶ.
5. Take the bus that's coming now. - अभी जो bus आ रही है वो ले लो। - ಈಗ ಬರುವ busಅನ್ನು ತೆಗೊಳ್ಳು.

Examples of future relative participle:

1. The horse which will run - जो घोड़ा भागेगा - ಓಡುವ ಕುದುರೆ
2. The work which will be done - जो काम होगा - ಮಾಡುವ ಕೆಲಸ

Examples of past relative participle:

1. The horse which ran - जो घोड़ा भागा था - ಓಡಿದ ಕುದುರೆ
2. The work which was done - जो काम हुआ था - ಮಾಡಿದ ಕೆಲಸ
3. The name of the city that I went to is Paris. - मैं जिस शहर गया था उसका नाम Paris है। - ನಾನು ಹೋದ ಊರಿನ ಹೆಸರು Paris.
4. The clothes that I washed are missing. - मैंने जो कपड़े धोए वो दिख नहीं रहे। - ನಾನು ಒಗೆದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳು ಕಾಣಲ್ಲ.
5. The bus which went just now is mine. - जो बस अभी गई वह मेरी है। - ಈಗ ಹೋದ bus ನನ್ನದು.
6. Did you see the movie that I saw? - जो movie मैंने देखी वो तुमने देखी क्या? - ನಾನು ನೋಡಿದ movie ನೀನು ನೋಡಿದಿಯಾ?

Verbal Participles

Used to join two or more verbs when they happen simultaneously or sequentially. They are used before verbs (unlike relative participles, which are used before nouns.)

Examples of present verbal participle:

1. The horse is running and walking. - घोड़ा भाग रहा है और चल रहा है। - ಕುದುರೆ ಓಡುತ್ತಾ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ.
2. She came singing. - वह गाते हुए आई। - ಅವಳು ಹಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಬಂದಳು.
3. They came dancing, singing, and laughing. - वे नाचते, गाते, और हँसते हुए आए। - ಅವರು ಆಡುತ್ತಾ ಹಾಡುತ್ತಾ ನಗುತ್ತಾ ಬಂದರು.

Examples of past verbal participle:

1. The horse ran and jumped. - घोड़ा भागा और कूदा। - ಕುದುರೆ ಓಡಿ ಜಿಗಿಯಿತು.
2. Having cleaned the house, I felt satisfied. - घर साफ़ करके तृप्ति मिल गई। - ಮನೆ ಸ್ವಚ್ಛ ಮಾಡಿ ತೃಪ್ತಿ ಕೊಂಡ.
3. After watching the movie, we had dinner outside. - Movie देखकर हमने बाहर खाना खाया। - Movie ನೋಡಿ, ನಾವು ಹೊರಗಡೆ ರಾತ್ರಿ-ಊಟ ಮಾಡಿದೆವು.
4. I called him and asked him. - मैंने उसे बुलाकर उससे पूछा। - ನಾನು ಅವನನ್ನು ಕರೆದು ಕೇಳಿದೆನು.

Negative Participles

Constructing past negative participle from verb root:

1. If verb doesn't end with ಉ, add ಯು.
2. Remove ಉ.
3. Add ಅದ for relative participle. Add ಅದೆ for verbal participle.

1. He went without doing the work. - वह काम किए बिना चला गया। - ಅವನು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡದೆ ಹೋದನು.
2. Work that is not done. - ಮಾಡದ ಕೆಲಸ.